The mourning ceremony of Imam Hussein (AS) has always been emphasized by the Imams (AS) and the religious leaders. According to the custom of each society, there are different methods for mourning during Muharram, such as breastfeeding, chaining and eulogy, which are performed in different ways in each country. All mourning ceremonies should be compatible with common sense as long as they do not cause significant harm to the body and do not contradict the divine destiny or the denial of religion; It is approved by Islam, but beheading in the mourning of Imam Hussein (AS) due to significant harm to the body, creating fear and panic for children and women, denying the Shiite school, undermining the goals of mourning and being against the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) ) Is heresy and forbidden.
Some people vow to do this, and others do it for children and shave their heads to the point that they bleed. This wrong behavior has no Islamic roots and is a behavior that is explicitly denied in the Holy Qur'an by God as harming the body. In this section of Wet Religion, we examine beheading from different perspectives.
قمه زنی
Beating in the days of Muharram Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi in one of his jurisprudential sessions addressed the issue of beheading in the days of Muharram and said: Muharram is a great opportunity to propagate the religion, but the enemies try to infiltrate this ceremony, give it a superstitious face, including The rituals that the enemies are attached to is the issue of beheading. For this reason, when the foreign media want to show mourning, they show beheadings and bloody faces, etc., in order to make this ceremony irrational.
There used to be conditions for this, and some scholars also defended beheading, but now these ceremonies are a document against Ashura, such as the ritual of walking on fire in India or smashing glass and going naked on it with documents for anti-rationality. Giving is Ashura and everyone should avoid these things, even if it is out of love and affection, because it is not in the interest of the ceremony of Imam Hussein (AS), but one should mourn rationally so that these problems do not occur.
The issue of Ashura and mourning is not a ceremony related to the past, but "the whole day of Ashura and the whole land of Karbala" and "the staff of Mina al-Zala" is our constant slogan and it is painful for the enemy that Ashura becomes a living jihad and Karbala is a mobile history. Which has always been and will be and is a lesson for all.
Muharram beheading ceremony
Beating from the perspective of the Quran God says in Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 195: And spend in the way of God! And do not destroy yourselves with your own hands. And do good! That God loves the virtuous.
The sentence of beheading according to the fatwa of the authorities of imitation Imam Khomeini, may God have mercy on him In a referendum, Imam Khomeini considered the sanctity or lawfulness of beheading to be a function of harm and time conditions, and declared it haram due to time conditions.
Beheading sentence
Ayatollah Khamenei Beheading, in addition to being not traditionally considered a manifestation of sorrow and grief, has no history in the time of the Imams (as) and the times after it, and there is no specific or general confirmation of the infallible (as) about It has not arrived, at the present time it causes religion to be disgraced, so it is not permissible in any case. (Treatise on Answers, Question 1461)
Ayatollah Makarem Shirazi: Beheading is definitely forbidden and one should avoid doing acts that cause religion to be lost or harm the body. (New issues from the point of view of scholars and authorities, vol.
Rulings on beheading according to the authorities
Ayatollah Bahjat: Beating is not an obstacle in itself, but it deserves for the believers to adopt a more appropriate manifestation in the position of sorrow and grief over the martyrs, and that different manifestation to the differences between countries and cities, and God knows best. (New issues from the perspective of scholars and authorities, vol. 4, pp. 201 and 202)
Ayatollah Sistani: Things that hurt mourning should be avoided. (New issues from the perspective of scholars and imitators, Volume 3, page 34)
Grand Ayatollah Jafar Sobhani: The mourning of Hazrat Sayyid al-Shuhada (peace be upon him) supports the survival of Islam and the establishment of Shiism. It also attracts others to the path of Hussein ibn Ali (as), so avoid any tools and instruments that cause bloodshed.
Beating according to the Quran
Ayatollah Khoei: It is not permissible if beheading and chaining with metal hooks, which is done in the month of Muharram, leads to significant losses or leads to insult, ridicule and insult to religion. (Sharia issues, referendums of Imam Khoei vol. 2, p. 455)
Ayatollah Fazel Lankarani: Attention to the tendency towards Islam and Shiism after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, has been found in most parts of the world and Islamic Iran is known as the ummah of the Islamic world, and the actions and behavior of the Iranian nation as a model and expression of Islam. It is necessary to act in such a way in relation to the issues of mourning and mourning of the martyrs, Imam Hussein (as), that it causes more inclination and more intense interest in that Imam and his holy goal. Obviously, in this situation, the issue of flogging not only does not play such a role, but due to the inadmissibility, and the lack of any understandable justification for the opposition, the consequences will be negative. Therefore, it is necessary for the Shiites who are interested in the school of Imam Hussein (as) to refrain from it; And if there is a vow in this case; The vow is not qualified for validity and cohabitation. (Jame 'al-Masa'il, vol.
The reason for beheading is forbidden
Ayatollah Nouri Hamedani: Respected and committed mourners, instead of beating the baton on their heads, think about the baton on the enemies of Islam who occupy their lands and think of weakening them, looting their resources, and finally every day with a new trick of their Islamic life. Jeopardize. May God grant more success to all Muslims to walk this path. (Referendums, vol. 2, p. 597)
Ayatollah Javadi Amoli: It is not permissible to disgrace Islam and desecrate mourning, it is expected to avoid beheadings and the like.
Needless to say, there is no objection to the hair, the mourning of the martyrs (AS) and the oppression of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS). Let's go. For several years, blood donation bases, called "blood vows", have been hosting people on the days of Tasua and Ashura to help patients.
It's not the
Muslim Hajj, or the Hindu Kumbh Mela. Known as Arbaeen, it is the
world's most populous gathering and you've probably never heard of it!
Not only does the congregation exceed the number of visitors to Mecca
(by a factor of five, in fact), it is more significant than Kumbh Mela,
since the latter is only held every third year. In short, Arbaeen dwarfs
every other rally on the planet, reaching twenty million last year.
That is a staggering %60 of Iraq's entire population, and it is growing
year after year.
Above all, Arbaeen is
unique because it takes place against the backdrop of chaotic and
dangerous geopolitical scenes. Daesh (aka 'Islamic State') sees the Shia
as their mortal enemy, so nothing infuriates the terror group more than
the sight of Shia pilgrims gathering for their greatest show of faith.
There's another peculiar feature of
Arbaeen. While it is a distinctively Shia spiritual exercise, Sunnis,
even Christians, Yazidis, Zoroastrians, and Sabians partake in both the
pilgrimage as well as serving of devotees. This is remarkable given the
exclusive nature of religious rituals, and it could only mean one thing:
people regardless of color or creed see Hussein as a universal,
borderless, and meta-religious symbol of freedom and compassion.
Why you have never heard of it probably
has to do with the fact that the press is concerned more with negative,
gory, and sensationalized tabloids, than with positive, inspiring
narratives, particularly when it comes to Islam. If a few hundred
anti-immigration protestors take to the streets in London and they will
make headlines.
The same level of airtime is awarded to a
pro-democracy march in Hong Kong or an anti-Putin rally in Russia.. But
a gathering of twenty million in obstreperous defiance of terror and
injustice somehow fails even to make it into the TV news ticker! An
unofficial media embargo is imposed on the gargantuan event despite the
story having all the critical elements of an eye-catching feature; the
staggering numbers, the political significance, the revolutionary
message, the tense backdrop, as well as originality. But when such a
story does make it through the editorial axe of major news outlets, it
creates shockwaves and touches the most random people.
Among the countless individuals inspired by it, is a young Australian
man I met several years ago who had converted to Islam. Evidently, no
one takes such a life-altering decision lightly, so upon inquiry he told
me it all started in 2003. One evening, as he was watching the news
only to be drawn by scenes of millions streaming towards a holy city
known as Karbala, chanting the name of a man he had never heard of:
"Hussein". For the first time in decades, in a globally televised event,
the world had caught a glimpse into previously suppressed religious
fervor in Iraq.
With the Sunni Ba'athist regime toppled,
Western viewers were eager to see how Iraqis would respond to a new era
free from dictatorship persecution. The 'Republic of Fear' had crumbled
and the genie had irreversibly escaped from the bottle. "Where is
Karbala, and why everyone is heading in its direction?" he recalls
asking himself. "Who is this Hussein who motivates people to defy all
the odds and come out to mourn his death fourteen centuries after the
fact?"
What he witnessed in that 60-second report was especially moving because
the imagery was unlike any he had ever seen. A fervent sense of
connection turned human pilgrims into iron filings, swarming together
other as they drew closer to what could only be described as Hussein's
irresistible magnetic field. "If you want to see a living, breathing,
lively religion, come to Karbala" he said.
How could a man who was killed 1396 years
ago be so alive and have such a palpable presence today that he makes
millions take up his cause, and view his plight as their own? People are
unlikely to be drawn into a dispute (much less one that transpired in
ancient times) unless they have a personal interest in the matter. On
the other hand, if you felt someone was engaged in a fight over your
right to freedom, your prerogative to be treated justly, and your
entitlement to a life of dignity, you would feel you had a vested
interest and would empathize with him to the point where conversion to
his beliefs is not a far-fetched possibility.
The Ultimate Tragedy
Hussein, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad,
is revered by Muslims as the "Prince of Martyrs". He was killed in
Karbala on a day which became known as Ashura, the tenth day of the
Islamic month of Muharram, having refused to pledge allegiance to the
corrupt and tyrannical caliph, Yazid.
He and his family and companions were surrounded in the desert by an
army of 30,000, starved of food and water, and then beheaded in the most
macabre manner, a graphic tale recounted from pulpits every year since
the day he was slain. Their bodies were mutilated. In the words of the
English historian Edward Gibbon: "In a distant age and climate, the
tragic scene of the death of Hussein will awaken the sympathy of the
coldest reader."
Shia Muslims have since mourned the death of Hussein, in particular on
the days of Ashura, then, forty days later, on Arbaeen. Forty days is
the usual length of mourning in many Muslim traditions. This year,
Arbaeen falls on Friday 12 December.
Long Trek
I travelled to Karbala, my own ancestral
home, to find out for myself why the city is so intoxicating. What I
witnessed proved to me that even the widest-angle camera lens is too
narrow to capture the spirit of this tumultuous, yet peaceful gathering.
An avalanche of men, women and children,
but most visibly black-veiled women, fill the eye from one end of the
horizon to the other. The crowds were so huge that they caused a
blockade for hundreds of miles.
The 425 mile distance between the southern
port city of Basra and Karbala is a long journey by car, but it's
unimaginably arduous on foot. It takes pilgrims a full two weeks to
complete the walk. People of all age groups trudge in the scorching sun
during the day and in bone-chilling cold at night. They travel across
rough terrain, down uneven roads, through terrorist strongholds, and
dangerous marshlands. Without even the most basic amenities or travel
gear, the pilgrims carry little besides their burning love for "The
Master" Hussein. Flags and banners remind them, and the world, of the
purpose of their journey:
O self, you are worthless after Hussein.
My life and death are one and the same,
So be it if they call me insane!
The message recalls an epic recited by Abbas, Hussein's half-brother and
trusted lieutenant, who was also killed in the Battle of Karbala in
680AD while trying to fetch water for his parched nieces and nephews.
With security being in the detrimental state that makes Iraq the number
one headline in the world, no one doubts that this statement is genuine
in every sense.
Free lunch. And dinner, and breakfast!
One part of the pilgrimage which will
leave every visitor perplexed is the sight of thousands of tents with
makeshift kitchens set up by local villagers who live around the
pilgrims' path. The tents (called 'mawkeb') are places where pilgrims
get practically everything they need. From fresh meals to eat and a
space to rest, to free international phone calls to assure concerned
relatives, to baby diapers, to practically every other amenity, free of
charge. In fact, pilgrims do not need to carry anything on the 400 mile
journey except the clothes they wear.
More intriguing is how pilgrims are
invited for food and drink. Mawkeb organizers intercept the pilgrims'
path to plead with them to accept their offerings, which often includes a
full suite of services fit for kings: first you can a foot massage,
then you are offered a delicious hot meal, then you are invited to rest
while your clothes are washed, ironed, then returned to you after a nap.
All complimentary, of course.
For some perspective, consider this: In
the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake, and with worldwide sympathy and
support, the UN World Food Programmer announced delivery of half a
million meals at the height of its relief efforts. The United States
military, launched Operation Unified Response, bringing together the
massive resources of various federal agencies and announced that within
five months of the humanitarian catastrophe, 4.9 million meals had been
delivered to Haitians.
Now compare that with over 50 million
meals per day during Arbaeen, equating to about 700 million meals for
the duration of the pilgrimage, all financed not by the United Nations
or international charities, but by poor laborers and farmers who starve
to feed the pilgrims and save up all year round so that visitors are
satisfied. Everything, including security is provided mostly by
volunteer fighters who have one eye on Daesh, and another on protecting
the pilgrim's path. "To know what Islam teaches," says one Mawkeb
organizer, "don't look at the actions of a few hundred barbaric
terrorists, but the selfless sacrifices exhibited by millions of Arbaeen
pilgrims."
In fact, Arbaeen should be listed in the
Guinness Book of World Records in several categories: biggest annual
gathering, longest continuous dining table, largest number of people fed
for free, largest group of volunteers serving a single event, all under
the imminent threat of suicide bombings.
Unmatched Devotion
Just looking at the multitudes leaves you
breathless. What adds to the spectacle is that, as the security
conditions worsen, even more people are motivated to challenge the
terrorist threats and march in defiance. Thus, the pilgrimage isn't a
mere religious exercise, but a bold statement of resistance. Videos have
been posted online showing how a suicide bomber blows himself up in the
midst of the pilgrims, only to have the crowds turn out in even greater
numbers, chanting in unison:
If they sever our legs and hands,
We shall crawl to the Holy Lands!
The horrific bomb blasts which occur year-round, mostly targeting Shia
pilgrims and taking countless lives, illustrate the dangers facing Shias
living in Iraq, and the insecurity that continues to plague the
country. Yet the imminent threat of death doesn't seem to deter people -
young and old, Iraqis and foreigners - from making the dangerous
journey to the holy city.
It isn't easy for an outsider to
understand what inspires the pilgrims. You see women carrying children
in their arms, old men in wheelchairs, people on crutches, and blind
seniors holding walking sticks. I met a father who had travelled all the
way from Basra with his disabled boy. The 12-year-old had cerebral
palsy and could not walk unassisted. So for a part of the trek the
father put the boy's feet on top of his and held him by the armpits as
they walked. It is the kind of story out of which Oscar-winning films
are made, but it seems Hollywood is more concerned with comic heroes and
with real life heroes whose superpower is their courage and commitment.
Golden Dome of Hussein
Visitors to the shrine of Hussein and his
brother Abbas are not driven by emotion alone. They cry be reminded of
the atrocious nature of his death, in doing so, they reaffirm their
pledge to his ideals.
The first thing that pilgrims do upon
reaching his shrine is recite the Ziyara, a sacred text which summarizes
the status of Hussein. In it, they begin the address by calling Hussein
the "inheritor" of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. There is
something profound in making this proclamation. It shows that Hussein's
message of truth, justice, and love for the oppressed is viewed as an
inseparable extension of all divinely-appointed prophets.
People go to Karbala not to marvel at the
city's landscape - lush with date palms, or to admire the mausoleum's
physical beauty, or to shop, be entertained, or to visit ancient
historical sites. They go to cry. To mourn and experience the angelic
aura of Hussein. They enter the sacred shrine weeping and lamenting the
greatest act of sacrifice ever seen.
It is as though every person has
established a personal relationship with the man they have never seen.
They talk to him and call out his name; they grip the housing of his
tomb; they kiss the floor leading into the shrine; they touch its walls
and doors in the same manner one touches the face of a long-lost friend.
It is a picturesque vista of epic proportions. What motivates these
people is something that requires an understanding of the character and
status of Imam Hussein and the spiritual relationship that those who
have come to know him have developed with his living legend.
If the world understood Hussein, his
message, and his sacrifice, they would begin to understand the ancient
roots of Daesh and its credo of death and destruction. It was centuries
ago in Karbala that humanity witnessed the genesis of senseless
monstrosities, epitomized in the murderers of Hussein. It was pitch
black darkness v. Absolute shining light, an exhibition of vice v. a
festival of virtue, hence the potent specter of Hussein today. His
presence is primordially woven into every facet of their lives. His
legend encourages, inspires, and champions change for the better, and no
amount of media blackout can extinguish its light.
"Who is this Hussein"? For hundreds of
millions of his followers, a question this profound, which can cause
people to relinquish their religion for another, can be answered only
when you have marched to the shrine of Hussein on foot
Millions of black-clad Shia pilgrims are converging on the holy city of Kerbala for the Arbaeen religious commemoration, the largest annual gathering of people anywhere on earth. Walking in long columns stretching back unbroken for as much as 50 miles, sleeping and eating in tents erected by supporters beside the road, the event has become an overwhelmingly powerful display of Shia belief and solidarity.
The Arbaeen coincides this year with the final defeat of Isis, the movement that slaughtered Shia in their tens of thousands and aimed to overthrow the Shia-dominated government in Baghdad. The Syrian army announced today that it has captured the last Isis-held town in Syria, Albu Kamal, its victory coming a few days after Isis was driven from western Iraq.
Arbaeen is the living symbol of the rise of the Iraqi Shia, a highly significant development in the Middle East, but it has happened only recently. Karim, 48, a tribal leader from Najaf, who provides free food for the pilgrims, recalls that when he first took part in an illegal Arbaeen walk under Saddam Hussein, “we had to take a roundabout route by the river [Euphrates] and try to keep hidden because, if we were caught, we would put in prison or executed”.
The Arbaeen has provided many modern-day Shia martyrs, murdered by Saddam Hussein, al-Qaeda and Isis, but its purpose is to mourn the martyrdom of Imam Hussein, the revered Shia leader, killed in the battle for Kerbala in AD680. The long ritual walk to his golden-domed shrine in that city – some walkers spend 10 or 12 days on the road from Basra or Kirkuk, others two or three days from Najaf – comes on the 40th day of the mourning period as religious fervour reaches its peak among the faithful.
Shia cities, towns and villages all over Iraq empty out during a 20-day period as their people take to the roads in an elaborately organised and well protected mass movement not seen anywhere else in the world. Estimates vary of the total attending, from highs of 15-17 million to a low of 6-7 million, but it includes at least two million Iranians whose numbers are easier to calculate because they require documentation to enter Iraq. Mohammed al-Hilli, the author of a book entitled The Arbaeen: the Walk, says that “the city of Kerbala can only contain two or three million people at one time, but, since pilgrims are coming and going over a long time, the total attending will be much higher.” Shia Muslim pilgrims gather for the Arbaeen religious festival
The pilgrims carry black, green, red and white flags, with the black flag of mourning for Imam Hussein by far the most common. Vast numbers of them decorate permanent brick buildings and temporary tents which are used for praying, eating and sleeping along the three main routes leading to Kerbala. Once pilgrims were lucky if they got rice and bean stew – “there was nothing but muddy water to drink” recalls one early participant – but everything is now highly organised with copious supplies of food, small clinics and even dentists all working for free. The care of pilgrims is regarded as a religious duty.
Safar is the second month of the Islamic calendar. It is marked with
many important events in Islamic history but one of the most important
of these is Arbaeen (20th Safar). In Arabic language it means forty and
in Islamic history it marks the 40th day of mourning period following
Ashura, the 10th of Muharram when Hussain ibn Ali (AlaihisSalam), the
grandson of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wasallam) was
killed and beheaded along with his family members and companions by the
army of Yazid in 61 Hijri. In this month, millions of people from
around the globe gather in Iraq’s holiest city of Karbala to commemorate
Arbaeen and to pay tribute to the martyrs of Karbala.
Arbaeen
pilgrimage or Arbaeen walk is widely recognised as the single largest
annual peaceful gathering in the world where people swarm together and
walk towards the shrines of Imam Husain (AlaihisSalam) and Hazrat Gazi
Abbas (AlaihisSalam) to pay tribute to their greatest sacrifice. The son
of Bibi Fatima (AlaihisSalam) and Imam Ali (AlaihisSalam) left an
everlasting legacy 1378 years ago which is still inspiring the mankind
and will keep on inspiring till the existence of this world. This is not
an ordinary journey and neither those people are ordinary who get the
opportunity to take a part in this spiritual walk. The people who take
part in this walk are called Zair-e-Imam Hussain (visitors of Imam
Hussain) (AlaihisSalam).
Arbaeen
is marked with long walks – from Najaf ul Ashraf or Basra to
Karbala-e-Moalla. People come from different parts of the world belong
to different colours, cultures, races and sects. They make their journey
on foot. The journey from Najaf to Karbala is almost 85kms and it takes
about 3 to 4 days, whereas from Basra it is about 500kms. Zaireen
(pilgrims) coming from Najaf-al-Ashraf start their journey from the
shrine of Imam Ali (AlaihisSalam) In this human crowd marching towards
Karbala there is no discrimination of rich or poor, young or old, men or
women. Children walk with parents in short steps, elderly who can
barely walk cover this journey on wheelchairs, even the disabled hobble
along, step-by-step, supported by nothing but crutches and an iron will
to voyage and to salute Imam Hussain (AlaihisSalam). The only one thing
which is common in all these people is that every eye is moist, every
heart is torn with grief and they are all chanting ‘Labbaik Ya Hussain
(AlaihisSalam)’ in one voice. They all believe that Imam Hussein
(AlaihisSalam) is a universal, borderless, and meta-religious symbol of
freedom and compassion.
During Saddam's era this pilgrimage was
banned. At that time people used to perform it secretly and their number
was too low. It was revived when his government was toppled in 2003 and
since then the number of Zaireen started to increase every year. Last
year this number was more than 20 million even against the threats of
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria). This year it is estimated that
more than 25 million Zaireen are visiting Karbala.
Under
ordinary conditions, it seems impossible to make arrangements for more
than 20 million people travelling this long. But surprisingly, thousands
of local people gathered to help these visitors and the level of
service they provide is unprecedented. They set up thousands of tents
with makeshift kitchens to serve these Zaireen. These tents are called
Mawakebs which are devised with the aim of providing accommodation,
food, beverage, medical services and practically anything the pilgrims
could possibly need to complete their spiritual journey. Dwellers render
their services without any charge and try to provide maximum comfort to
the Zaireen. If someone gets tired mid way, then the houses on way open
their doors to comfort him and the owners feel themselves privileged to
be at their service. These houses and Mawakebs have the best facilities
to fulfil the needs of Zaireen.
Zaireen do not need to carry
anything on this journey except the clothes and shoes they wear. What is
more astonishing is that Mawakeb organizers beg these pilgrims to
accept their hospitality. They intercept their path and plead them. They
provide them every minor thing like tissue paper, tooth pick etc. Their
cloths are washed and ironed, shoes are mended and all of course
complimentary. Those who have nothing to offer, serve them by massaging
their feet and legs. In short they do not leave even a single
opportunity to serve them. They consider the acceptance of their offers
as a bestowing honour on them. After witnessing such love and passion of
these service providers one is left in bewilderment that either these
are humans or angels disguised as service providers.
Arbaeen
is no doubt a revolution. It is a revolution to demonstrate the whole
world that Islam is a religion of peace, love and care for others. It is
an occasion where one can witness doctors and physicians serving for
free, scholars sitting on the sand and guiding the youth, poor are
feeding the hungry and sick people are serving the healthy. It is an
event where women are walking with pride and dignity despite of being
exhausted and children are enthusiastic in taking long strides with
smile on their faces. One can witness hope, love, kindness, truth and
sacrifice. One war-ridden and wounded nation is embracing the whole
world in the name of one who is slaughtered in the desert of Karbala
after being kept thirsty and hungry for three days. There are lessons to
learn from this spiritual walk. It is an event in which people
participate regardless of their sect, profession and social status.
There is no one who asks about religion or sect. Every Zair is
honourable and treated like royalty. If someone wants to witness the
unity of Muslim Ummah and wants to know about the teachings of the Holy
Prophet being followed he can take part in the walk of Arbaeen
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