?what is Arbaeen
Number forty is mystic in Theosophy. According to the Islamic culture if someone practices a good deed constantly during forty days, it would be his inseparable attribute and lead to descending of Allah's blessing.
In some religions forty days and forty nights praying has been special position. When Prophet Musa / Moses (pbuh) prayed forty nights; found the ability to hear the words of Allah (SWT),
"And when We appointed a time of forty nights with Musa, then you took the calf (for a god) after him and you were unjust." [Glorious Quran 2:51]
Prophet Muhammad (saw) said, "Whoever dedicates himself to Allah (SWT) for forty days, will find springs of wisdom sprout out of his heart and flow on his tongue." Commemorating of the fortieth day of deeds by their family and giving alms is one of the common customs among some of the Muslims.
The 40th [Arbaeen (Arbayeen) or Chehlum] marks an important turning point in the movement of Karbala (Kerbala). This day, which is no less important to the day of Ashura (Aashura/Ashurah) is important for many reasons - the prime being that the Ahlul Bayt reached the land of Karbala on this day and performed the visitation to Sayyid ash-Shuhada al-Husayn (as) and the loyal family and friends who gave their life for the cause of Islam. Although the historians differ on when this event transpired; some say it was in the same year of the massacre in Karbala in the year 61 AH, whilst other say it was in the following year 62 AH. Whatever the case, the atrocities and difficulties which the family of Prophet Muhammad (saw) was put through in the court of Yazid and the long ride to Karbala culminated on the 20th of Safar on the empty plains of Karbala.
According to most widely accepted traditions, the family of Prophet Muhammad (saw) remained in captivity for about a year in Damascus by Yazid, the Umayyad Caliph. After one year when the ruler of Shaam (Syria) were forced to release them, Bibi Zainab (sa) said to Imam Ali ibn al-Husayn as-Sajjad (as) that she wanted to go back to Karbala to mourn his brother and all the martyrs of Karbala. The same was desired by other women of this caravan and Imam Ali ibn al-Husayn as-Sajjad (as) directed them towards Karbala. The grave of Imam Husayn Ibn Ali (as) was not desolate as some may expect. Rather, as the Ahlul Bayt were approaching Karbala, there were a few people already at the grave, marking his martyrdom with tears. The individual, who had been a companion of Prophet Muhammad (saw) - Jabir ibne Abdullah al-Ansari (who at this point was blind) - along with his assistant (Atiyya bin Saad), had made the trek from Madina to the place of martyrdom of his Imam and master, Imam Husayn Ibn Ali (as). Jabir ibne Abdullah al-Ansari (ra) called out to his Imam, "I testify that you are the son of the Seal of the Prophets, the son of the Master of the Faithful, the son of the inseparable ally of piety, the descendant of guidance." His servant, Atiyya bin Saad noted to him that he could see a caravan of people in the distance and they were approaching this sacred site. As they approached, they realized that this was none other than the caravan of present Imam, Ali ibn al-Husayn as-Sajjad (as) with the other family members and assistants!
The historians note that at this point, Jabir ibne Abdullah al-Ansari (ra) and his assistant, Atiyya bin Saad, moved out of the way so that the women of the Ahlul Bayt and the others could show their grief at the sacred grave in privacy and according to reports, the heads of the martyrs were also buried at this point in time - as before leaving Shaam (Syria), they were given back the sacred
The
hike and pilgrimage of the holy shrine of Imam Hussein on the Day of
Arba'in has a historical root because Jaber ibn Abdullah Ansari and
Attiy Awaf moved to Medina in 1281, on the foot of the hill, and in the
morning the first Arbaeen that passed through the testimony of Hazrat
Seyyed al-Shohada (AS) Arrived
in Karbala, and according to what is seen in authentic Shiite sources,
on the day of Arbaeen, Zaynab Kobra and Imam Sajjad, along with
eighty-four people entered Karbala, after talking with Jaber Abdullah
Ansari, the grave of Imam (AS) And pilgrimage from Arbaeen began.
Ahl
al-Bayt (PBUH) against Islam, when they arrived in Karbala, saw Jaber
ibn Abdullah Ansari (5) who came with some of Bani Hashem and the
Prophet's family for the pilgrimage of Hussein (peace be upon him), at
the same time arrived in Karbala with them, and they grumbled and
groaned They
slapped their faces and grunted their groans, and the women of the
nearby villages also joined them, Zaynab Alihas Salam came to the crowd
of women and choked, and said to the voice of the devil who hurt the
hearts: "O Muhammad! Wow! Wait for the Messenger and Ibn Makka and you! And Ibn Fatemeh al-Zahra! And ibn ali almurtizi! Oh oh, oh! "So he became unconscious.
Then
Amlkhthum hurt his face and said with a loud voice: today, Mohammad
Mostafa, Ali Morteza and Fatima Zahra have died, and other women have
been slapping and crying.
Sakineh cried out like this: "Wa Mohammad!" Separate! How
hard it is for you to tolerate what you have done with your love, they
have driven them from the blade, and then they were falling down!
Atiyah
Afo says: "With Jaber ibn Abdullah, I came to the pilgrimage of the
grave of Hussein Ali al-Salam, and when we arrived at Karbala, Jaber was
near the Shrine of Euphrates, and he was bathing and wounding like a
Mahrar, and opened the couch with a smell, and he himself And every step he took to mention God said he reached the sacred grave and told me to put my hand on the grave! Because of this I went to the grave.
I poured water on Jaber, so it came to life, then he said three times: "Hussein!"
Then
he said: "Habib la Yajib Habib!" And then he added: "What do you want
to answer that Hussein is smeared in his blood and split between his
head and body!" And
he said: "I testify that you are the son of the best prophets and the
great son of believers; you are the son of the son of Allah and guilty,
and the fifth among the companions of Qasa and Abba'i, you are the great
son of Nighiban and the son of Fatima Sayyid, and why is not the hand
of Seyyed al-Murslin You
have been eating and cooked in the midst of the godfearing, and you
have been breastfeeding from the breast of faith, and you have been
clean and clean, and you have been distressed, and you have saddened the
hearts of the believers from your separation, so God's peace and
blessings be upon you; you went to the same way that your brother Yahya bin Zakaria was a martyr. "
Then
he turned his eye around the grave and said, "Hi, I salute you the
spirits that fell down alongside Hussein, and I testify that you have
performed the prayers, and you have paid Zakat, and you have forbidden
the famous and forgiving, and with the proximate Khawr
did battle and jihad, and worshiped God until you died. "He added:" To
the God who brought the Prophet to justice, we are partners in what you
have become martyrs. "
Attiya says: I said to Jaber: We did nothing! They are martyred, said: "O my God! I
heard from Habib the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah), peace be
upon him, saying: "I am in control of the law and I take the practice of
the people of Escher-phi-Amalm." Anyone who likes a group will be
gathered with the same, and whoever loves the act of communion, Will be a partner. "
Rehabilitation of Arbaeen's Walk by Sheikh Mirza Hossein Noori
Archean's hike will then be forgotten in a lamb from time to time and eventually restored by Sheikh Mirza Hussein Nuri.
This
great scholar first went to Eid al-Adhaf on a walk from Najaf to
Karbala, which was on the way for three days and accompanied by him to
about thirty of his friends and relatives, with whom he later decided,
Mohaddes Noori. Every year, he repeats this, he went to visit the holy shrine of Abbas Abdullah Hussein (PBUH) in the year 1319 AH
Safar is the second month of the Islamic calendar. It is marked with many important events in Islamic history but one of the most important of these is Arbaeen (20th Safar). In Arabic language it means forty and in Islamic history it marks the 40th day of mourning period following Ashura, the 10th of Muharram when Hussain ibn Ali (AlaihisSalam), the grandson of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wasallam) was killed and beheaded along with his family members and companions by the army of Yazid in 61 Hijri. In this month, millions of people from around the globe gather in Iraq’s holiest city of Karbala to commemorate Arbaeen and to pay tribute to the martyrs of Karbala.
Arbaeen pilgrimage or Arbaeen walk is widely recognised as the single largest annual peaceful gathering in the world where people swarm together and walk towards the shrines of Imam Husain (AlaihisSalam) and Hazrat Gazi Abbas (AlaihisSalam) to pay tribute to their greatest sacrifice. The son of Bibi Fatima (AlaihisSalam) and Imam Ali (AlaihisSalam) left an everlasting legacy 1378 years ago which is still inspiring the mankind and will keep on inspiring till the existence of this world. This is not an ordinary journey and neither those people are ordinary who get the opportunity to take a part in this spiritual walk. The people who take part in this walk are called Zair-e-Imam Hussain (visitors of Imam Hussain) (AlaihisSalam).
Arbaeen is marked with long walks – from Najaf ul Ashraf or Basra to Karbala-e-Moalla. People come from different parts of the world belong to different colours, cultures, races and sects. They make their journey on foot. The journey from Najaf to Karbala is almost 85kms and it takes about 3 to 4 days, whereas from Basra it is about 500kms. Zaireen (pilgrims) coming from Najaf-al-Ashraf start their journey from the shrine of Imam Ali (AlaihisSalam) In this human crowd marching towards Karbala there is no discrimination of rich or poor, young or old, men or women. Children walk with parents in short steps, elderly who can barely walk cover this journey on wheelchairs, even the disabled hobble along, step-by-step, supported by nothing but crutches and an iron will to voyage and to salute Imam Hussain (AlaihisSalam). The only one thing which is common in all these people is that every eye is moist, every heart is torn with grief and they are all chanting ‘Labbaik Ya Hussain (AlaihisSalam)’ in one voice. They all believe that Imam Hussein (AlaihisSalam) is a universal, borderless, and meta-religious symbol of freedom and compassion.
During Saddam's era this pilgrimage was banned. At that time people used to perform it secretly and their number was too low. It was revived when his government was toppled in 2003 and since then the number of Zaireen started to increase every year. Last year this number was more than 20 million even against the threats of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria). This year it is estimated that more than 25 million Zaireen are visiting Karbala.
Under ordinary conditions, it seems impossible to make arrangements for more than 20 million people travelling this long. But surprisingly, thousands of local people gathered to help these visitors and the level of service they provide is unprecedented. They set up thousands of tents with makeshift kitchens to serve these Zaireen. These tents are called Mawakebs which are devised with the aim of providing accommodation, food, beverage, medical services and practically anything the pilgrims could possibly need to complete their spiritual journey. Dwellers render their services without any charge and try to provide maximum comfort to the Zaireen. If someone gets tired mid way, then the houses on way open their doors to comfort him and the owners feel themselves privileged to be at their service. These houses and Mawakebs have the best facilities to fulfil the needs of Zaireen.
Zaireen do not need to carry anything on this journey except the clothes and shoes they wear. What is more astonishing is that Mawakeb organizers beg these pilgrims to accept their hospitality. They intercept their path and plead them. They provide them every minor thing like tissue paper, tooth pick etc. Their cloths are washed and ironed, shoes are mended and all of course complimentary. Those who have nothing to offer, serve them by massaging their feet and legs. In short they do not leave even a single opportunity to serve them. They consider the acceptance of their offers as a bestowing honour on them. After witnessing such love and passion of these service providers one is left in bewilderment that either these are humans or angels disguised as service providers.
How to participate in Arbaeen hike
Millions of black-clad Shia pilgrims are converging on the holy city
of Kerbala for the Arbaeen religious commemoration, the largest annual
gathering of people anywhere on earth. Walking in long columns
stretching back unbroken for as much as 50 miles, sleeping and eating in
tents erected by supporters beside the road, the event has become an
overwhelmingly powerful display of Shia belief and solidarity.
The
Arbaeen coincides this year with the final defeat of Isis, the movement
that slaughtered Shia in their tens of thousands and aimed to overthrow
the Shia-dominated government in Baghdad. The Syrian army announced
today that it has captured the last Isis-held town in Syria, Albu Kamal,
its victory coming a few days after Isis was driven from western
Iraq.
Arbaeen is the living symbol of the rise of the Iraqi
Shia, a highly significant development in the Middle East, but it has
happened only recently. Karim, 48, a tribal leader from Najaf, who
provides free food for the pilgrims, recalls that when he first took
part in an illegal Arbaeen walk under Saddam Hussein, “we had to take a
roundabout route by the river [Euphrates] and try to keep hidden
because, if we were caught, we would put in prison or executed”.
The
Arbaeen has provided many modern-day Shia martyrs, murdered by Saddam
Hussein, al-Qaeda and Isis, but its purpose is to mourn the martyrdom of
Imam Hussein, the revered Shia leader, killed in the battle for Kerbala
in AD680. The long ritual walk to his golden-domed shrine in that city –
some walkers spend 10 or 12 days on the road from Basra or Kirkuk,
others two or three days from Najaf – comes on the 40th day of the
mourning period as religious fervour reaches its peak among the
faithful.
Shia cities, towns and villages all over Iraq empty out
during a 20-day period as their people take to the roads in an
elaborately organised and well protected mass movement not seen anywhere
else in the world. Estimates vary of the total attending, from highs of
15-17 million to a low of 6-7 million, but it includes at least two
million Iranians whose numbers are easier to calculate because they
require documentation to enter Iraq. Mohammed al-Hilli, the author of a
book entitled The Arbaeen: the Walk, says that “the city of Kerbala can
only contain two or three million people at one time, but, since
pilgrims are coming and going over a long time, the total attending will
be much higher.”
Shia Muslim pilgrims gather for the Arbaeen religious festival
The
pilgrims carry black, green, red and white flags, with the black flag
of mourning for Imam Hussein by far the most common. Vast numbers of
them decorate permanent brick buildings and temporary tents which are
used for praying, eating and sleeping along the three main routes
leading to Kerbala. Once pilgrims were lucky if they got rice and bean
stew – “there was nothing but muddy water to drink” recalls one early
participant – but everything is now highly organised with copious
supplies of food, small clinics and even dentists all working for free.
The care of pilgrims is regarded as a religious duty. 
Arbaeen; World's Biggest Pilgrimage
It's not the Muslim Hajj, or the Hindu Kumbh Mela. Known as Arbaeen, it is the world's most populous gathering and you've probably never heard of it! Not only does the congregation exceed the number of visitors to Mecca (by a factor of five, in fact), it is more significant than Kumbh Mela, since the latter is only held every third year. In short, Arbaeen dwarfs every other rally on the planet, reaching twenty million last year. That is a staggering %60 of Iraq's entire population, and it is growing year after year.
Above all, Arbaeen is unique because it takes place against the backdrop of chaotic and dangerous geopolitical scenes. Daesh (aka 'Islamic State') sees the Shia as their mortal enemy, so nothing infuriates the terror group more than the sight of Shia pilgrims gathering for their greatest show of faith.
There's another peculiar feature of Arbaeen. While it is a distinctively Shia spiritual exercise, Sunnis, even Christians, Yazidis, Zoroastrians, and Sabians partake in both the pilgrimage as well as serving of devotees. This is remarkable given the exclusive nature of religious rituals, and it could only mean one thing: people regardless of color or creed see Hussein as a universal, borderless, and meta-religious symbol of freedom and compassion.
Why you have never heard of it probably has to do with the fact that the press is concerned more with negative, gory, and sensationalized tabloids, than with positive, inspiring narratives, particularly when it comes to Islam. If a few hundred anti-immigration protestors take to the streets in London and they will make headlines.
The same level of airtime is awarded to a
pro-democracy march in Hong Kong or an anti-Putin rally in Russia.. But
a gathering of twenty million in obstreperous defiance of terror and
injustice somehow fails even to make it into the TV news ticker! An
unofficial media embargo is imposed on the gargantuan event despite the
story having all the critical elements of an eye-catching feature; the
staggering numbers, the political significance, the revolutionary
message, the tense backdrop, as well as originality. But when such a
story does make it through the editorial axe of major news outlets, it
creates shockwaves and touches the most random people.
Among the countless individuals inspired by it, is a young Australian
man I met several years ago who had converted to Islam. Evidently, no
one takes such a life-altering decision lightly, so upon inquiry he told
me it all started in 2003. One evening, as he was watching the news
only to be drawn by scenes of millions streaming towards a holy city
known as Karbala, chanting the name of a man he had never heard of:
"Hussein". For the first time in decades, in a globally televised event,
the world had caught a glimpse into previously suppressed religious
fervor in Iraq.
With the Sunni Ba'athist regime toppled,
Western viewers were eager to see how Iraqis would respond to a new era
free from dictatorship persecution. The 'Republic of Fear' had crumbled
and the genie had irreversibly escaped from the bottle. "Where is
Karbala, and why everyone is heading in its direction?" he recalls
asking himself. "Who is this Hussein who motivates people to defy all
the odds and come out to mourn his death fourteen centuries after the
fact?"
What he witnessed in that 60-second report was especially moving because
the imagery was unlike any he had ever seen. A fervent sense of
connection turned human pilgrims into iron filings, swarming together
other as they drew closer to what could only be described as Hussein's
irresistible magnetic field. "If you want to see a living, breathing,
lively religion, come to Karbala" he said.
How could a man who was killed 1396 years ago be so alive and have such a palpable presence today that he makes millions take up his cause, and view his plight as their own? People are unlikely to be drawn into a dispute (much less one that transpired in ancient times) unless they have a personal interest in the matter. On the other hand, if you felt someone was engaged in a fight over your right to freedom, your prerogative to be treated justly, and your entitlement to a life of dignity, you would feel you had a vested interest and would empathize with him to the point where conversion to his beliefs is not a far-fetched possibility.
The Ultimate Tragedy
Hussein, grandson of the Prophet Muhammad,
is revered by Muslims as the "Prince of Martyrs". He was killed in
Karbala on a day which became known as Ashura, the tenth day of the
Islamic month of Muharram, having refused to pledge allegiance to the
corrupt and tyrannical caliph, Yazid.
He and his family and companions were surrounded in the desert by an
army of 30,000, starved of food and water, and then beheaded in the most
macabre manner, a graphic tale recounted from pulpits every year since
the day he was slain. Their bodies were mutilated. In the words of the
English historian Edward Gibbon: "In a distant age and climate, the
tragic scene of the death of Hussein will awaken the sympathy of the
coldest reader."
Shia Muslims have since mourned the death of Hussein, in particular on
the days of Ashura, then, forty days later, on Arbaeen. Forty days is
the usual length of mourning in many Muslim traditions. This year,
Arbaeen falls on Friday 12 December.
Long Trek
I travelled to Karbala, my own ancestral home, to find out for myself why the city is so intoxicating. What I witnessed proved to me that even the widest-angle camera lens is too narrow to capture the spirit of this tumultuous, yet peaceful gathering.
An avalanche of men, women and children, but most visibly black-veiled women, fill the eye from one end of the horizon to the other. The crowds were so huge that they caused a blockade for hundreds of miles.
The 425 mile distance between the southern
port city of Basra and Karbala is a long journey by car, but it's
unimaginably arduous on foot. It takes pilgrims a full two weeks to
complete the walk. People of all age groups trudge in the scorching sun
during the day and in bone-chilling cold at night. They travel across
rough terrain, down uneven roads, through terrorist strongholds, and
dangerous marshlands. Without even the most basic amenities or travel
gear, the pilgrims carry little besides their burning love for "The
Master" Hussein. Flags and banners remind them, and the world, of the
purpose of their journey:
O self, you are worthless after Hussein.
My life and death are one and the same,
So be it if they call me insane!
The message recalls an epic recited by Abbas, Hussein's half-brother and
trusted lieutenant, who was also killed in the Battle of Karbala in
680AD while trying to fetch water for his parched nieces and nephews.
With security being in the detrimental state that makes Iraq the number
one headline in the world, no one doubts that this statement is genuine
in every sense.
Free lunch. And dinner, and breakfast!
One part of the pilgrimage which will leave every visitor perplexed is the sight of thousands of tents with makeshift kitchens set up by local villagers who live around the pilgrims' path. The tents (called 'mawkeb') are places where pilgrims get practically everything they need. From fresh meals to eat and a space to rest, to free international phone calls to assure concerned relatives, to baby diapers, to practically every other amenity, free of charge. In fact, pilgrims do not need to carry anything on the 400 mile journey except the clothes they wear.
More intriguing is how pilgrims are invited for food and drink. Mawkeb organizers intercept the pilgrims' path to plead with them to accept their offerings, which often includes a full suite of services fit for kings: first you can a foot massage, then you are offered a delicious hot meal, then you are invited to rest while your clothes are washed, ironed, then returned to you after a nap. All complimentary, of course.
For some perspective, consider this: In the aftermath of the Haiti earthquake, and with worldwide sympathy and support, the UN World Food Programmer announced delivery of half a million meals at the height of its relief efforts. The United States military, launched Operation Unified Response, bringing together the massive resources of various federal agencies and announced that within five months of the humanitarian catastrophe, 4.9 million meals had been delivered to Haitians.
Now compare that with over 50 million meals per day during Arbaeen, equating to about 700 million meals for the duration of the pilgrimage, all financed not by the United Nations or international charities, but by poor laborers and farmers who starve to feed the pilgrims and save up all year round so that visitors are satisfied. Everything, including security is provided mostly by volunteer fighters who have one eye on Daesh, and another on protecting the pilgrim's path. "To know what Islam teaches," says one Mawkeb organizer, "don't look at the actions of a few hundred barbaric terrorists, but the selfless sacrifices exhibited by millions of Arbaeen pilgrims."
In fact, Arbaeen should be listed in the Guinness Book of World Records in several categories: biggest annual gathering, longest continuous dining table, largest number of people fed for free, largest group of volunteers serving a single event, all under the imminent threat of suicide bombings.
Unmatched Devotion
Just looking at the multitudes leaves you
breathless. What adds to the spectacle is that, as the security
conditions worsen, even more people are motivated to challenge the
terrorist threats and march in defiance. Thus, the pilgrimage isn't a
mere religious exercise, but a bold statement of resistance. Videos have
been posted online showing how a suicide bomber blows himself up in the
midst of the pilgrims, only to have the crowds turn out in even greater
numbers, chanting in unison:
If they sever our legs and hands,
We shall crawl to the Holy Lands!
The horrific bomb blasts which occur year-round, mostly targeting Shia
pilgrims and taking countless lives, illustrate the dangers facing Shias
living in Iraq, and the insecurity that continues to plague the
country. Yet the imminent threat of death doesn't seem to deter people -
young and old, Iraqis and foreigners - from making the dangerous
journey to the holy city.
It isn't easy for an outsider to understand what inspires the pilgrims. You see women carrying children in their arms, old men in wheelchairs, people on crutches, and blind seniors holding walking sticks. I met a father who had travelled all the way from Basra with his disabled boy. The 12-year-old had cerebral palsy and could not walk unassisted. So for a part of the trek the father put the boy's feet on top of his and held him by the armpits as they walked. It is the kind of story out of which Oscar-winning films are made, but it seems Hollywood is more concerned with comic heroes and with real life heroes whose superpower is their courage and commitment.
Golden Dome of Hussein
Visitors to the shrine of Hussein and his brother Abbas are not driven by emotion alone. They cry be reminded of the atrocious nature of his death, in doing so, they reaffirm their pledge to his ideals.
The first thing that pilgrims do upon reaching his shrine is recite the Ziyara, a sacred text which summarizes the status of Hussein. In it, they begin the address by calling Hussein the "inheritor" of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus. There is something profound in making this proclamation. It shows that Hussein's message of truth, justice, and love for the oppressed is viewed as an inseparable extension of all divinely-appointed prophets.
People go to Karbala not to marvel at the city's landscape - lush with date palms, or to admire the mausoleum's physical beauty, or to shop, be entertained, or to visit ancient historical sites. They go to cry. To mourn and experience the angelic aura of Hussein. They enter the sacred shrine weeping and lamenting the greatest act of sacrifice ever seen.
It is as though every person has established a personal relationship with the man they have never seen. They talk to him and call out his name; they grip the housing of his tomb; they kiss the floor leading into the shrine; they touch its walls and doors in the same manner one touches the face of a long-lost friend. It is a picturesque vista of epic proportions. What motivates these people is something that requires an understanding of the character and status of Imam Hussein and the spiritual relationship that those who have come to know him have developed with his living legend.
If the world understood Hussein, his message, and his sacrifice, they would begin to understand the ancient roots of Daesh and its credo of death and destruction. It was centuries ago in Karbala that humanity witnessed the genesis of senseless monstrosities, epitomized in the murderers of Hussein. It was pitch black darkness v. Absolute shining light, an exhibition of vice v. a festival of virtue, hence the potent specter of Hussein today. His presence is primordially woven into every facet of their lives. His legend encourages, inspires, and champions change for the better, and no amount of media blackout can extinguish its light.
"Who is this Hussein"? For hundreds of millions of his followers, a question this profound, which can cause people to relinquish their religion for another, can be answered only when you have marched to the shrine of Hussein on foot